Gunung Agung volcano is a stratovolcano monoconic type whose height reaches about 3,142 meters above sea level. The highest mountain in Bali include young and last erupted in 1963 after a long sleep for 120 years.
Agung volcano activity history is not very well known. The historical record regarding this eruption began to appear in 1808. When it was accompanied by the eruption of steam and volcanic ash occur. The volcanic activity continued in 1821, but no record of it. In 1843, Mount Agung erupted again preceded by a number of earthquakes. This eruption also produced volcanic ash, sand, and pumice.
Since 120 years, the new 1963 Mount Agung erupted again and produce a result that is very damaging. Based on the book written in 1979 Kusumadinata earthquakes before a volcanic eruption which is still actively occurs in 16 to 18 February 1963. The quake was felt and heard by the people who live around Mount Agung.
The eruption of Mount Agung is known as much as four times since 1800, including: In the year 1808; In this year of ash and pumice thrown by the number of outstanding. Normal eruption occurred in 1821, then there is no description. 1843. The eruption was preceded by earthquakes. Ie material spewed ash, sand, and pumice.
Furthermore, in 1908, 1915, and 1917 in various places in the bottom of the crater and looked copy fumarola pematangnya. 1963 eruption began on February 18, 1963 and ended on January 27, 1964. The eruption is magnatis. Casualties recorded 1,148 people died and 296 people injured.
characters eruptionPatterns and distribution of the eruption of the past before the 1808, 1821, 1843, and 1963 shows the type of eruption is almost the same, including the explosive (eruption, with catapult rocks incandescent, broken lava, rain pyroclastic and ash), and the effusive form of pyroclastic clouds , and lava flows (Sutukno B., 1996).
period eruptionOf the four events of the past eruptions, Mount Agung rest period can be seen that the shortest and the longest 16 years 120 years.
The eruption of 1963; Chronology 1963 eruption.Long eruption of Mount Agung in 1963 lasted almost one year, from mid-February 1963 until January 26, 1964, with the chronology as follows:.
16 February 1963: Feels mild earthquake by the inhabitants of some village Yehkori (approximately 928 m above sea level) on the southern slope, approximately 6 kilometers from the summit of Mount Agung.
17 February 1963: Feels earthquake in Kampung Kubu on the coast northeast foot of the mountain at a distance of approximately 11 km of the hole kepundannya.18 February 1963: At approximately 23:00 on the north shore of the sound of thunder in the ground.
February 19, 1963: At 01:00 visible plumes of smoke and the smell of sulfur gas. 03.00 seen clouds that waft from the crater, to intensify lumpy and two hours later a loud thump was heard for the first time. The old voice echoed followed by bursts of fist-sized stones and topped by gray smoke sembuaran blackish. A bomb from a distance looked for coconuts apart from the others and thrown over the top towards Besakih. Occupants Sebudi and Nangka village on the southern slopes began to flee, especially not stand the weather is getting hot surroundings and it smelled of sulfur. In the neighborhoods, the air filled with fog, sedangabu began to fall.
The water in the river began to fall. The water in the river was brown and viscous carrying stones with a roar, marks the beginning of the rain lava. Its residents to remain calm and do worship. 10:00 heard again the sound of the explosion and the smoke grew thicker. Unobstructed view toward the mountain fog, moderate rain began to fall in the mud around the slope.
In the evening the fire visible movement of the mouth of the crater, while lightning dial-connect at the summit.
20 February 1963: Mountains still show volcanic movements. 06:30 audible popping sound and look great throw more bombs. 07:30 Kubu people started to panic, many of them fled to Tianyar, while the inhabitants of the southern slopes moved to Bebandem and Strait.
21 February 1963: the thick smoke still billowing from the crater.22 February 1963: continuous activity in the form of an eruption of smoke and sparks and a roar.23 February 1963: At approximately 08:30 Besakih, Rendang and Selat bombarded with small stones and sharp,
sand and ash.
24 February 1963: The rain fell in heavy mud Besakih resulted in several buildings collapsed Eka Dasa Rudra. Temukus residents fled to Besakih. Pyroclastic cloud descended by Power Tukad up in tension.
February 25, 1963: At 15:15 hot clouds down in the northeast through Tukad Barak and Power. Lahar rain in Tukad Power caused the relationship between Kubu and Tianyar disconnected. Bantas-stricken village Siligading hot cloud resulted in 10 victims. Lahar rain hit nine houses in the village of Ban, the eighth victim.
26 February 1963: Lava in the north still wander. Lava pouring rain up in the village of Sogra, Sangkan Authorization. The smoke seemed to rise and villagers Sogra, Sangkan Counsel, Badegdukuh and Badegtengah fled to the south.
More rain in a rather lumpy and itchy down. Lahar going around Sidemen. Also lava flows north in Tukad Tukad Power and Barak. 18:15 Besakih sand in the rain. Pangi filled with air of sulfur sharp. Its inhabitants fled to Babandem. Then the activities of Mount Agung is continuously taking place, virtually every day the rain of ash fell, while the river is flowing lava and lava continued to wander north.
March 17, 1963: It is the peak of activity. High eruption cloud reaches its climax in the pk. 5:32. At that point look eruptive cloud according to observations of Rendang already passed the zenith and this situation lasted until 13.00. Hot clouds down and into Tukad Yehsah, Tukad Langon, Barak and Tukad Tukad Janga in the south. In the north of the mountain since the cracking noise sounded 01.00 average once every five seconds. Hot clouds down lumpy towards Tukad Way, Tukad Power and other rivers in the north. Beginning at 7:40 lahar occurred emitting white rain, and lasted until around 08.10.
08.00 raining ash, at 9:20 raining pebbles, and while it was down a bumpy heat clouds.
At 11:00, heavy rain more ash to completely unobstructed vision.
At 12.00 the smoky white lava began to overflow from the edge Tukad Daya. New ash rain subsides 12.45 and then at 15.30 the cracking noise was reduced for subsequent disappear altogether. The river is conceded by hot clouds during peak activity is as much lk. 13 pieces on the southern slopes and 7 pieces on the northern slopes. Achieves farthest distance is approximately 14 kilometers, is in Tukad power in the north. West and east of the mountain free hot clouds. The duration of this first paroksisma which lasts for approximately 10 hours, ie from 05.00 until 15.00.
March 21, 1963: City Subagan, Karangasem knocked lava rain to fall victim to approximately 140 people. After the massive eruption on March 17, then its activity is reduced, while the roar was continuously sounding vanished. Thus leleran lava to the north stopped at the line height of 501.64 m and reaches a distance of approximately 7,290 meters from the summit.
May 16, 1963: The second Paroksisma eruptions preceded by an introduction, initially weak and is slowly getting stronger. On the afternoon of May 16, the activities continue meneru increased again, reaching a peak at 17:07. In general, the strength of the eruption peaked for the second time is not as good as the first. Eruptive cloud reached a height of about 10,000 meters above the summit, was at 17.15 lapilli rain began to fall until around 21:13. The river that conceded the hot cloud is 8 units, 6 in the south and two in the north. Most distances are achieved approximately 12 km which is in Tukad Luah, the southern leg. The duration of paroksisma lasted approximately six hours, from 16 pm until around 21:00. In general, the strength of the eruption peaked for the second time is not as good as the first. Eruptive cloud reached a height of approximately 10,000 m above the summit, was at 17.15 lapilli rain began to fall until around 21:13. The river that conceded the hot cloud is 8 units, 6 in the south and two in the north. Maximum distance reached lk. 12 km ie in Tukad Luah, the southern leg. The duration of paroksisma lasted approximately six hours, from 16 pm until around 21:00.
November 1963: High smoke solfatara / fumarola reaches approximately 500 m in peak ats. Since November the eruption smoke color is white.January 10, 1964: High gusts of smoke reaches 1500 m above the summit.January 26, 1964: At 6:50 looks smoke from the summit of Mount Agung gray and then at 7:02, 7:05 and 7:07 seemed eruptions smoky thick black like cauliflower, followed one after another of the three holes, originally from the west and east reaches a maximum height of approximately 4,000 m above the summit. The entire edge of the crater appears covered by the cloud. Bright voice sounded weak but anyway.
January 27, 1964: Event Mount Agung stopProducts Eruption 1963 Lava Rain: In accordance with the geographical location of Mount Agung which acts as a catcher rain southeasterly winds blowing, lava were started on the north slope, and then on the eastern slopes menenggara to then gradually shifted to the westward and reaches its climax on the slopes SSW , Large lava to the south began to spread at an altitude of 500 m between Rendang and padangkerta. Then under Tukad Jangga, which is in Tukad Krekuk and Jasi, Bugbug and finally in Tukad Unda. Considering the northern area lies in the rain shadow, lava is not a shadow than a loose sediment, the actual maximum fall over here.
Flow Lava: Lava that wander between February 19 and March 17, 1963 flowed from the main crater at the summit to the north, passing the lower edge of the crater, stopping on the line height of 505.64 m and reaches a distance of approximately 7,290 m. The lava contents estimated total of approximately 339.235 million m3.
Remove Materials: Consists of volcanic bombs, lapilli, sand and ashes, either coming from or pyroclastic cloud from the explosion of the central crater. The total number of activities taking place during the wheel: Eflata (bombs, sand and ash) approximately 380.5. 106 m3, Ladu approximately 110.3. 106 m3.
Hot clouds of Mount Agung: In Gunung Agung there are two kinds of hot clouds, the clouds and clouds of hot pyroclastic avalanches. Pyroclastic cloud occurs when there is a major eruption. At that time, the lower part of the pole eruption saturated with volcanic material beyond the edge of the crater and slid down. Moving through the lower portion on the edge of the crater, is the headman and then follows the river. The
speed of the eruption cloud is observed from the Post Rendang is an average of 60 km per hour and in the south reached the farthest distance of 13 km, which is in Tukad Luah and the north 14 km Tukad Daya.
According to Suryo (1964) hereinafter, the hot cloud is glowing hot clouds that often slid from under the peak (the crater rim). although no eruption could occur avalanches of hot clouds. Can also occur when there is part of still-hot lava flows fall, as happened at the time of lava drip on the northern slopes.
Affected areas pyroclastic cloud on the 1963 activities is limited to the northern and southern slopes, because both the west and east of the crater there is a back. Both of these backs stretching from west to east. Pyroclastic cloud that goes beyond the eastern crater rim is broken down by the back into two departments is northeast and southeast. Thus the hot cloud to the west are broken down by the back west to the majors southwest and north. Pyroclastic cloud that occurs during activity in 1963 has swept the land area of approximately 70km2 and lead fell 863 human victims.
Victims of Mount Agung ActivityAccording to Suryo (1965, p.22-26) there are three reasons that cause the symptoms of falling victim during the activities of Mount Agung in 1963, the result of hot clouds, pyroclastic and lava. By pyroclastic 820 people died, 59 were injured. As a result of pyroclastic died 820 people, injured 201 people. As a result of lava 165 people died, 36 were injured.
The greatness and Energy: Kusumadinata (1964) have calculated the energy and intensity of the eruption of Mount Agung in 1963 with the following results: severity level 4, volume of 0.83 km3 eruption materials, specific gravity of 2.3 (d), the heat energy released 2,189.1025 erg ( Eth), Equality atomic bomb: 2605.9 (Ae), Greatness eruption 8.99
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